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When Did Size Of Ping Pong Change

Written By Wednesday, March 16, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Racket sport

Table lawn tennis
Mondial Ping - Men's Singles - Round 4 - Kenta Matsudaira-Vladimir Samsonov - 57.jpg

Table tennis at Liga Pro
Highest governing body ITTF
Showtime played 19th century, England, United Kingdom[1] [2]
Characteristics
Contact No
Squad members Singles or doubles
Blazon Racquet sport, indoor
Equipment Poly, twoscore mm (1.57 in),
2.seven thousand (0.095 oz)
Glossary Glossary of tabular array lawn tennis
Presence
Olympic Since 1988
Paralympic Since inaugural 1960 Summer Paralympics

Tabular array tennis, also known as ping-pong and whiff-whaff, is a sport in which two or four players hit a lightweight ball, likewise known as the ping-pong ball, back and forth across a table using small solid rackets. The game takes identify on a hard tabular array divided past a internet. Except for the initial serve, the rules are more often than not as follows: players must allow a ball played toward them to bounce once on their side of the table and must return information technology so that information technology bounces on the opposite side at to the lowest degree in one case. A point is scored when a player fails to return the ball within the rules. Play is fast and demands quick reactions. Spinning the ball alters its trajectory and limits an opponent'south options, giving the hitter a great advantage.

Table tennis is governed by the worldwide system International Tabular array Lawn tennis Federation (ITTF), founded in 1926. ITTF currently includes 226 member associations.[iii] The tabular array tennis official rules are specified in the ITTF handbook.[4] Tabular array tennis has been an Olympic sport since 1988,[v] with several effect categories. From 1988 until 2004, these were men's singles, women's singles, men's doubles and women'southward doubles. Since 2008, a team outcome has been played instead of the doubles.

History

Parker Brothers Ping-Pong game

The sport originated in Victorian England, where information technology was played among the upper-grade as an afterward-dinner parlour game.[i] [2] It has been suggested that makeshift versions of the game were developed past British military officers in India effectually the 1860s or 1870s, who brought it back with them.[6] A row of books stood upward along the center of the table as a net, two more books served as rackets and were used to continuously hitting a golf-ball.[vii] [8]

The proper name "ping-pong" was in wide use before British manufacturer J. Jaques & Son Ltd trademarked it in 1901. The proper name "ping-pong" and so came to describe the game played using the rather expensive Jaques's equipment, with other manufacturers calling it tabular array tennis. A similar situation arose in the United States, where Jaques sold the rights to the "ping-pong" name to Parker Brothers. Parker Brothers then enforced its trademark for the term in the 1920s, making the diverse associations alter their names to "tabular array tennis" instead of the more mutual, but trademarked, term.[nine]

The next major innovation was by James West. Gibb, a British enthusiast of table lawn tennis, who discovered novelty celluloid assurance on a trip to the US in 1901 and found them to be platonic for the game. This was followed by E.C. Goode who, in 1901, invented the modern version of the racket by fixing a canvas of pimpled, or stippled, rubber to the wooden blade. Table lawn tennis was growing in popularity by 1901 to the extent that tournaments were beingness organized, books beingness written on the subject,[7] and an unofficial world championship was held in 1902. In those early on days, the scoring system was the aforementioned as in lawn lawn tennis.[10]

Although both a "Tabular array Lawn tennis Association" and a "Ping Pong Clan" existed by 1910,[10] a new Table Tennis Association was founded in 1921, and renamed the English Tabular array Lawn tennis Association in 1926.[11] The International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) followed in 1926.[ane] [12] London hosted the commencement official World Championships in 1926. In 1933, the United States Table Lawn tennis Association, at present called USA Table Lawn tennis, was formed.[1] [thirteen]

In the 1930s, Edgar Snow commented in Red Star Over Mainland china that the Communist forces in the Chinese Ceremonious War had a "passion for the English game of tabular array tennis" which he plant "baroque".[14] On the other mitt, the popularity of the sport waned in 1930s Soviet Marriage, partly because of the promotion of team and armed forces sports, and partly because of a theory that the game had adverse health furnishings.[fifteen]

In the 1950s, paddles that used a safety sheet combined with an underlying sponge layer changed the game dramatically,[ane] introducing greater spin and speed.[xvi] These were introduced to Britain past sports goods manufacturer S.W. Hancock Ltd. The utilize of speed glue offset in the mid 1980s increased the spin and speed even further, resulting in changes to the equipment to "slow the game downwards". Table lawn tennis was introduced as an Olympic sport at the Olympics in 1988.[17]

Rule changes

Assortment of 40 mm tabular array lawn tennis balls

After the 2000 Olympics in Sydney, the ITTF instituted several rule changes that were aimed at making table tennis more feasible every bit a televised spectator sport.[18] [19] First, the older 38 mm (1.50 in) balls were officially replaced past 40 mm (1.57 in) assurance in October 2000.[seven] [twenty] This increased the ball's air resistance and effectively slowed down the game. By that time, players had begun increasing the thickness of the fast sponge layer on their paddles, which made the game excessively fast and hard to watch on television. A few months later, the ITTF changed from a 21-point to an 11-point scoring organization (and the serve rotation was reduced from five points to two), effective in September 2001.[7] This was intended to make games more fast-paced and heady. The ITTF besides changed the rules on service to prevent a actor from hiding the ball during service, in club to increase the average length of rallies and to reduce the server's advantage, constructive in 2002.[21] For the opponent to have time to realize a serve is taking place, the brawl must be tossed a minimum of 16 centimetres (6.3 in) in the air. The ITTF states that all events after July 2014 are played with a new poly material brawl.[22] [23]

Equipment

Ball

Table Lawn tennis Plastic Balls 40+ mm with ITTF blessing

The international rules specify that the game is played with a sphere having a mass of ii.7 grams (0.095 oz) and a diameter of xl millimetres (ane.57 in).[24] The rules say that the ball shall bounce up 24–26 cm (9.4–x.ii in) when dropped from a acme of 30.5 cm (12.0 in) onto a standard steel block thereby having a coefficient of restitution of 0.89 to 0.92. Assurance are now made of a polymer instead of celluloid as of 2015, colored white or orange, with a matte finish. The choice of ball color is made according to the table color and its surround. For example, a white ball is easier to run into on a greenish or blue table than it is on a grey table. Manufacturers often indicate the quality of the ball with a star rating system, usually from i to three, three being the highest grade. Equally this system is non standard across manufacturers, the only manner a ball may be used in official contest is upon ITTF approval[24] (the ITTF approval can be seen printed on the brawl).

The forty mm ball was introduced afterward the cease of the 2000 Summer Olympics; previously a 38 mm ball was standard.[20] This created some controversies. Vladimir Samsonov, the Earth No 1 tabular array tennis professional at the time, threatened to pull out of the World Cup, which was scheduled to debut the new regulation ball on 12 October 2000.[25]

Table

Diagram of a table tennis table showing the official dimensions

The table is two.74 yard (ix.0 ft) long, 1.525 1000 (5.0 ft) broad, and 76 cm (2.5 ft) high with any continuous fabric so long as the table yields a compatible bounce of about 23 cm (nine.1 in) when a standard ball is dropped onto it from a summit of 30 cm (11.8 in), or about 77%.[26] [27] The table or playing surface is uniformly dark colored and matte, divided into 2 halves by a net at 15.25 cm (6.0 in) in height. The ITTF approves merely wooden tables or their derivates. Concrete tables with a steel net or a solid physical partition are sometimes available in outside public spaces, such equally parks.[28]

Playing area

ITTF regulations crave a playing space of at least xiv m (45.9 ft) long past 7 thousand (23.0 ft) wide, and a height clearance of at to the lowest degree 5 grand (16.iv ft).[29] For wheelchair events, the minimums are 8 m (26.ii ft) long and half dozen chiliad (19.7 ft) wide.[29]

Dissonance

India'southward Manika Batra hits the ball. She specialises in playing long-pimples on her backhand, a rubber which is not oft played by top players.[xxx]

Players are equipped with a laminated wooden racket covered with safety on one or two sides depending on the grip of the player. The ITTF uses the term "racket",[31] though "bat" is common in Britain, and "paddle" in the U.S. and Canada.

The wooden portion of the racket, often referred to equally the "bract", usually features anywhere between one and seven plies of wood, though cork, drinking glass fiber, carbon fiber, aluminum cobweb, and Kevlar are sometimes used. According to the ITTF regulations, at least 85% of the blade by thickness shall be of natural forest.[32] Mutual forest types include balsa, limba, cypress, and hinoki, which is pop in Nihon. The boilerplate size of the bract is about 17 centimetres (6.vii in) long and 15 centimetres (v.9 in) wide. Although the official restrictions merely focus on the flatness and rigidity of the blade itself, these dimensions are optimal for nigh play styles.

Tabular array tennis regulations let different rubber surfaces on each side of the dissonance.[33] Various types of surfaces provide various levels of spin or speed, and in some cases they nullify spin. For instance, a thespian may have a prophylactic that provides much spin on one side of their racket, and one that provides no spin on the other. By flipping the racket in play, different types of returns are possible. To assist a actor distinguish between the rubber used by his opposing player, international rules specify that one side must exist black while the other side must exist a brilliant color clearly distinguishable from blackness and from the colour of the ball.[32] The role player has the right to inspect their opponent'due south racket before a match to see the blazon of rubber used and what color it is. Despite loftier-speed play and rapid exchanges, a histrion tin see clearly what side of the noise was used to hit the ball. Current rules land that, unless damaged in play, the racket cannot be exchanged for another racket at any time during a match.[34]

Gameplay

Starting a game

Co-ordinate to ITTF rule 2.13.one, the first service is decided past lot,[35] normally a coin toss.[36] It is likewise mutual for i histrion (or the umpire/scorer) to hibernate the brawl in one or the other hand, ordinarily hidden nether the table, allowing the other player to judge which hand the ball is in. The right or wrong guess gives the "winner" the option to choose to serve, receive, or to choose which side of the table to apply. (A common simply non-sanctioned method is for the players to play the ball back and along 3 times and then play out the point. This is commonly referred to as "serve to play", "rally to serve", "play for serve", or "volley for serve".)

Service and return

In game play, the actor serving the brawl commences a play.[37] The server showtime stands with the ball held on the open up palm of the paw not conveying the paddle, called the freehand, and tosses the ball straight up without spin, at to the lowest degree 16 cm (half dozen.iii in) high.[38] The server strikes the ball with the racket on the brawl's descent so that it touches starting time his courtroom and and so touches straight the receiver's court without touching the cyberspace assembly. In coincidental games, many players do not toss the ball upwards; however, this is technically illegal and tin give the serving actor an unfair advantage.

The brawl must remain backside the endline and above the upper surface of the table, known as the playing surface, at all times during the service. The server cannot utilize his/her trunk or clothing to obstruct sight of the brawl; the opponent and the umpire must take a clear view of the ball at all times. If the umpire is hundred-to-one of the legality of a service they may offset interrupt play and give a warning to the server. If the serve is a clear failure or is doubted once more by the umpire after the warning, the receiver scores a point.

If the service is "proficient", then the receiver must brand a "practiced" return by hitting the brawl back before it bounces a 2nd fourth dimension on receiver's side of the table so that the ball passes the cyberspace and touches the opponent's court, either straight or subsequently touching the net assembly.[39] Thereafter, the server and receiver must alternately make a render until the rally is over. Returning the serve is 1 of the nearly difficult parts of the game, as the server'south first move is often the least anticipated and thus nearly advantageous shot due to the numerous spin and speed choices at his or her disposal.

Let

A Allow is a rally of which the result is not scored, and is called in the post-obit circumstances:[twoscore]

  • The ball touches the net in service (service), provided the service is otherwise correct or the ball is obstructed past the role player on the receiving side. Obstacle ways a role player touches the brawl when it is to a higher place or traveling towards the playing surface, not having touched the actor'southward court since last being struck by the player.
  • When the role player on the receiving side is non ready and the service is delivered.
  • Player's failure to make a service or a return or to comply with the Laws is due to a disturbance outside the control of the player.
  • Play is interrupted by the umpire or assistant umpire.

A let is also called foul service, if the ball hits the server'due south side of the tabular array, if the ball does not laissez passer further than the border, and if the ball hits the table edge and hits the net.

Scoring

A point is scored by the role player for any of several results of the rally:[41]

  • The opponent fails to make a correct service or return.
  • Afterward making a service or a return, the ball touches anything other than the net associates before being struck by the opponent.
  • The ball passes over the role player'southward court or across their end line without touching their courtroom, after existence struck by the opponent.
  • The opponent obstructs the ball.
  • The opponent strikes the brawl twice successively. Note that the paw that is holding the noise counts as function of the noise and that making a proficient return off one'due south hand or fingers is immune. It is non a fault if the ball accidentally hits one'southward hand or fingers and and so afterwards hits the racket.
  • The opponent strikes the brawl with a side of the dissonance bract whose surface is not covered with condom.
  • The opponent moves the playing surface or touches the internet assembly.
  • The opponent'southward free hand touches the playing surface.
  • As a receiver under the expedite system, completing 13 returns in a rally.[42]
  • The opponent that has been warned by the umpire commits a 2d law-breaking in the same individual friction match or team lucifer. If the tertiary offence happens, 2 points volition be given to the player.[43] If the individual friction match or the team match has not concluded, any unused penalization points can be transferred to the side by side game of that match.[36]

A game shall exist won by the role player first scoring 11 points unless both players score x points, when the game shall be won by the first player later gaining a lead of 2 points. A friction match shall consist of the all-time of whatever odd number of games.[44] In competition play, matches are typically best of five or seven games.

Alternation of services and ends

Service alternates betwixt opponents every ii points (regardless of winner of the rally) until the finish of the game, unless both players score 10 points or the expedite organization is operated, when the sequences of serving and receiving stay the same but each player serves for only 1 signal in turn (Deuce).[45] The player serving offset in a game receives kickoff in the next game of the match.

After each game, players switch sides of the tabular array. In the last possible game of a lucifer, for case the seventh game in a all-time of seven match, players change ends when the first player scores 5 points, regardless of whose turn information technology is to serve. If the sequence of serving and receiving is out of plough or the ends are not changed, points scored in the wrong situation are still calculated and the game shall be resumed with the guild at the score that has been reached.

Doubles game

Service zone in doubles game

Service of a mixed doubles match

In addition to games betwixt individual players, pairs may also play tabular array tennis. Singles and doubles are both played in international competition, including the Olympic Games since 1988 and the Commonwealth Games since 2002.[46]

In doubles, all the rules of unmarried play are applied except for the following.

Service

A line painted forth the long axis of the table to create doubles courts bisects the table. This line'southward only purpose is to facilitate the doubles service rule, which is that service must originate from the right hand "box" in such a fashion that the starting time bounce of the serve bounces once in said right hand box and so must bounce at to the lowest degree in one case in the opponent side's right paw box (far left box for server), or the receiving pair score a bespeak.[38]

Guild of play, serving and receiving

  1. Players must hit the ball in turn. For example, if A is paired with B and X is paired with Y, and so A is the server and X is the receiver. and the lodge of play shall be A→X→B→Y. The rally gain this way until 1 side fails to make a legal render and the other side scores.[47]
  2. At each alter of service, the previous receiver shall become the server and the partner of the previous server shall become the receiver. For example, if the previous order of play is A→X→B→Y, the society becomes X→B→Y→A after the change of service.[45]
  3. In the second or the latter games of a match, the game begins in contrary order of play. For example, if the club of play is A→Ten→B→Y at beginning of the first game, the order begins with 10→A→Y→B or Y→B→10→A in the 2nd game depending on either Ten or Y being chosen as the first server of the game. That means the beginning receiver of the game is the thespian who served to the beginning server of the game in the preceding game. In each game of a doubles match, the pair having the right to serve commencement shall choose which of them will practise so. The receiving pair, however, tin only cull in the first game of the match.
  4. When a pair reaches five points in the concluding game, the pairs must switch ends of the table and alter the receiver to opposite the society of play. For instance, when the terminal club of play before a pair score 5 points in the final game is A→X→B→Y, the lodge after alter shall be A→Y→B→X if A even so has the second serve. Otherwise, X is the next server and the order becomes 10→A→Y→B.

Expedite system

If a game is unfinished afterward 10 minutes of play and fewer than 18 points have been scored, the expedite system is initiated.[42] The umpire interrupts the game, and the game resumes with players serving for one point in turn. If the expedite arrangement is introduced while the ball is non in play, the previous receiver shall serve outset. Under the expedite organisation, the server must win the betoken before the opponent makes 13 consecutive returns or the betoken goes to the opponent. The system can besides exist initiated at whatsoever time at the request of both players or pairs. Once introduced, the expedite system remains in force until the end of the lucifer. A rule to shorten the time of a match, it is mainly seen in defensive players' games.

Grips

Though table tennis players grip their rackets in diverse means, their grips can be classified into two major families of styles, penhold and shakehand.[48] The rules of table tennis do not prescribe the way in which ane must grip the dissonance, and numerous grips are employed.

Penhold

An example of a Penholder grip

The penhold grip is so-named considering one grips the racket similarly to the way one holds a writing instrument.[49] The style of play among penhold players can vary profoundly from role player to player. The most pop way, usually referred to as the Chinese penhold style, involves curling the centre, ring, and 4th finger on the back of the blade with the iii fingers always touching i another.[49] Chinese penholders favour a round racket head, for a more over-the-table manner of play. In contrast, some other manner, sometimes referred to as the Japanese/Korean penhold grip, involves splaying those three fingers out across the back of the noise, usually with all three fingers touching the back of the dissonance, rather than stacked upon one another.[49] Sometimes a combination of the 2 styles occurs, wherein the middle, ring and fourth fingers are direct, but nonetheless stacked, or where all fingers may be touching the dorsum of the dissonance, merely are as well in contact with one some other. Japanese and Korean penholders volition often use a foursquare-headed racket for an away-from-the-table style of play. Traditionally these foursquare-headed rackets feature a cake of cork on top of the handle, also as a thin layer of cork on the back of the dissonance, for increased grip and comfort. Penhold styles are popular amidst players originating from Due east Asian countries such as China, Japan, South korea, and Taiwan.

Traditionally, penhold players employ just one side of the racket to hit the ball during normal play, and the side which is in contact with the final three fingers is generally not used. This configuration is sometimes referred to equally "traditional penhold" and is more than commonly found in foursquare-headed noise styles. However, the Chinese developed a technique in the 1990s in which a penholder uses both sides of the noise to hit the ball, where the player produces a backhand stroke (most often topspin) known as a opposite penhold backhand by turning the traditional side of the racket to face one'due south self, and striking the ball with the contrary side of the noise. This stroke has greatly improved and strengthened the penhold style both physically and psychologically, as it eliminates the strategic weakness of the traditional penhold backhand.

Shakehand

Shakehand grip (forehand)

Forehand

Shakehand grip (backhand)

Backhand

The shakehand grip is and so-named because the dissonance is grasped every bit if 1 is performing a handshake.[50] Though it is sometimes referred to as the "lawn tennis" or "Western" grip, it bears no relation to the Western tennis grip, which was popularized on the West Coast of the Us in which the racket is rotated 90°, and played with the wrist turned so that on impact the knuckles face the target. In table tennis, "Western" refers to Western nations, for this is the grip that players native to Europe and the Americas accept about exclusively employed.

The shakehand grip's simplicity and versatility, coupled with the acceptance among top-level Chinese trainers that the European mode of play should be emulated and trained against, has established it every bit a common grip even in China.[51] Many earth-class European and East Asian players currently use the shakehand grip, and information technology is generally accepted that shakehands is easier to learn than penholder, allowing a broader range of playing styles both offensive and defensive.[50]

Seemiller

The Seemiller grip is named after the American table tennis champion Danny Seemiller, who used it. It is achieved past placing the thumb and index finger on either side of the bottom of the racquet caput and property the handle with the rest of the fingers. Since just i side of the racquet is used to hitting the ball, two contrasting safe types can be applied to the bract, offer the advantage of "twiddling" the racket to fool the opponent. Seemiller paired inverted rubber with anti-spin rubber. Many players today combine inverted and long-pipped rubber. The grip is considered infrequent for blocking, specially on the backhand side, and for forehand loops of backspin assurance.[52] The Seemiller grip's popularity reached its apex in 1985 when four (Danny Seemiller, Ricky Seemiller, Eric Boggan and Brian Masters) of the United States' five participants in the World Championships used it.[52]

Stance

'A good gear up position will enable you to motion apace into position and to stay balanced whilst playing powerful strokes.'[53]

The stance in table tennis is also known equally the 'ready position'. It is the position every player initially adopts when receiving and returns to afterwards playing a shot in social club to exist prepared to make the next shot. It involves the feet being spaced wider than shoulder width and a fractional crouch being adopted; the crouch is an efficient posture for moving quickly from and too preloads the muscles enabling a more dynamic motion. The upper torso is positioned slightly forrad and the player is looking forrard. The dissonance is held at the ready with a bent arm. The position should experience balanced and provide a solid base for striking and quick lateral move. Players may tailor their opinion based upon their personal preferences, and alter information technology during the game based upon the specific circumstances.[54]

Types of strokes

Table lawn tennis strokes generally break down into offensive and defensive categories.

Offensive strokes

Hit

Too known every bit speed drive, a direct hit on the brawl propelling it forward back to the opponent. This stroke differs from speed drives in other racket sports similar tennis because the noise is primarily perpendicular to the direction of the stroke and most of the energy practical to the brawl results in speed rather than spin, creating a shot that does not arc much, but is fast enough that it can be difficult to return. A speed bulldoze is used mostly for keeping the ball in play, applying pressure level on the opponent, and potentially opening upwards an opportunity for a more than powerful assault.

Loop

Perfected during the 1960s,[one] [55] the loop is essentially the reverse of the chop. The dissonance is parallel to the direction of the stroke ("closed") and the dissonance thus grazes the ball, resulting in a large amount of topspin. A good loop drive will arc quite a bit, and in one case striking the opponent's side of the table will jump frontwards, much similar a kicking serve in tennis. Most professional players nowadays, such as Ding Ning, Timo Boll and Zhang Jike, primarily use loop for offense.

Counter-hit

The counter-hit is usually a counterattack confronting drives, ordinarily high loop drives. The racket is held airtight and near to the ball, which is hit with a curt movement "off the bounce" (immediately afterward hitting the table) so that the ball travels faster to the other side. Kenta Matsudaira is known for primarily using counter-hit for criminal offense.

Flip

When a histrion tries to attack a brawl that has non bounced across the border of the table, the player does not have the room to wind up in a backswing. The ball may notwithstanding exist attacked, however, and the resulting shot is chosen a flip because the backswing is compressed into a quick wrist action. A flip is not a single stroke and tin can resemble either a loop drive or a loop in its characteristics. What identifies the stroke is that the backswing is compressed into a short wrist pic.

Smash

A player will typically execute a smash when the opponent has returned a ball that bounces too high or too close to the internet. It is nearly always done with a forehand stroke. Smashing uses rapid dispatch to impart as much speed on the brawl as possible so that the opponent cannot react in time. The racket is generally perpendicular to the management of the stroke. Considering the speed is the main aim of this shot, the spin on the ball is often minimal, although it can be practical as well. An offensive tabular array tennis player will think of a rally as a build-up to a winning nail. Boom is used more oftentimes with penhold grip.

Defensive strokes

Push

The push (or "slice" in Asia) is usually used for keeping the point alive and creating offensive opportunities. A push resembles a tennis slice: the racket cuts underneath the brawl, imparting backspin and causing the ball to float slowly to the other side of the tabular array. A push tin be hard to attack because the backspin on the ball causes it to drop toward the table upon striking the opponent's racket. In gild to set on a push, a player must normally loop (if the push is long) or flip (if the push button is short) the ball back over the net. Oftentimes, the all-time pick for beginners is to simply button the brawl back again, resulting in pushing rallies. Confronting skilful players, it may exist the worst option because the opponent will counter with a loop, putting the beginning actor in a defensive position. Pushing can have advantages in some circumstances, such as when the opponent makes piece of cake mistakes.

Chop

A chop is the defensive, backspin analogue to the offensive loop drive.[56] A chop is essentially a bigger, heavier push, taken well dorsum from the tabular array. The racket confront points primarily horizontally, perhaps a little bit upwardly, and the management of the stroke is straight down. The object of a defensive chop is to lucifer the topspin of the opponent's shot with backspin. A adept chop will float nearly horizontally back to the table, in some cases having then much backspin that the ball really rises. Such a chop tin exist extremely difficult to return due to its enormous amount of backspin. Some defensive players can also impart no-spin or sidespin variations of the chop. Some famous choppers include Joo Sae-hyuk and Wu Yang.

Block

A cake is executed by simply placing the dissonance in front end of the ball correct afterwards the brawl bounces; thus, the ball rebounds back toward the opponent with nearly as much free energy every bit it came in with. This requires precision, since the brawl'south spin, speed, and location all influence the correct bending of a block. It is very possible for an opponent to execute a perfect loop, drive, or boom, just to have the blocked shot come up back just equally fast. Due to the ability involved in offensive strokes, oft an opponent only cannot recover chop-chop enough to return the blocked shot, especially if the block is aimed at an unexpected side of the table. Blocks virtually always produce the same spin as was received, many times topspin.

Lob

The defensive lob propels the ball about five metres in superlative, only to state on the opponent'southward side of the table with great amounts of spin.[57] The stroke itself consists of lifting the brawl to an enormous height earlier it falls back to the opponent'due south side of the table. A lob tin can have well-nigh any kind of spin. Though the opponent may blast the ball hard and fast, a good defensive lob could exist more difficult to return due to the unpredictability and heavy amounts of the spin on the ball.[57] Thus, though backed off the tabular array past tens of feet and running to attain the ball, a skillful defensive player tin can however win the point using practiced lobs. The lob is used less often by professional players. A notable exception is Michael Maze.

Effects of spin

Adding spin onto the ball causes major changes in table lawn tennis gameplay. Although nearly every stroke or serve creates some kind of spin, understanding the private types of spin allows players to defend against and employ different spins effectively.[58]

Backspin

Backspin is where the bottom half of the brawl is rotating abroad from the histrion, and is imparted by striking the base of the brawl with a downward movement.[58] At the professional level, backspin is usually used defensively in order to keep the ball low.[59] Backspin is commonly employed in service because it is harder to produce an offensive return, though at the professional level almost people serve sidespin with either backspin or topspin. Due to the initial lift of the ball, in that location is a limit on how much speed with which one tin hit the brawl without missing the opponent'south side of the table. However, backspin as well makes it harder for the opponent to return the ball with keen speed because of the required athwart precision of the return. Alterations are frequently made to regulations regarding equipment in an try to maintain a residuum betwixt defensive and offensive spin choices.[ citation needed ] Information technology is really possible to smash with backspin offensively, but only on high balls that are shut to the net.

Topspin

The topspin stroke has a smaller influence on the first office of the ball curve. Like the backspin stroke, even so, the axis of spin remains roughly perpendicular to the trajectory of the ball thus assuasive for the Magnus effect to dictate the subsequent curvature. After the apex of the curve, the ball dips downwards every bit it approaches the opposing side, earlier bouncing. On the bounciness, the topspin volition advance the brawl, much in the aforementioned fashion that a wheel which is already spinning would accelerate upon making contact with the basis. When the opponent attempts to return the ball, the topspin causes the ball to jump upwards and the opponent is forced to recoup for the topspin past adjusting the angle of his or her racket. This is known as "closing the racket".

The speed limitation of the topspin stroke is small-scale compared to the backspin stroke. This stroke is the predominant technique used in professional contest because it gives the opponent less time to respond. In tabular array lawn tennis topspin is regarded as an offensive technique due to increased ball speed, lower bio-mechanical efficiency and the pressure that it puts on the opponent past reducing reaction time. (It is possible to play defensive topspin-lobs from far behind the table, but but highly skilled players use this stroke with any tactical efficiency.) Topspin is the to the lowest degree mutual blazon of spin to exist plant in service at the professional level, just because it is much easier to attack a top-spin brawl that is not moving at high speed.

Sidespin

This type of spin is predominantly employed during service, wherein the contact bending of the racket can be more easily varied. Unlike the ii aforementioned techniques, sidespin causes the ball to spin on an centrality which is vertical, rather than horizontal. The axis of rotation is still roughly perpendicular to the trajectory of the ball. In this circumstance, the Magnus effect will nonetheless dictate the curvature of the ball to some degree. Another difference is that, unlike backspin and topspin, sidespin will have relatively very picayune event on the bounce of the ball, much in the same way that a spinning top would not travel left or right if its axis of rotation were exactly vertical. This makes sidespin a useful weapon in service, because it is less easily recognized when bouncing, and the ball "loses" less spin on the bounce. Sidespin tin can also exist employed in offensive rally strokes, oftentimes from a greater distance, equally an adjunct to topspin or backspin. This stroke is sometimes referred to as a "hook". The hook can even be used in some farthermost cases to circumvent the internet when away from the table.

Corkspin

Players use this type of spin almost exclusively when serving, but at the professional person level, it is also used from time to fourth dimension in the lob. Unlike whatever of the techniques mentioned above, corkspin (or "drill-spin") has the axis of spin relatively parallel to the ball'south trajectory, and then that the Magnus outcome has petty or no issue on the trajectory of a cork-spun ball: upon bouncing, the ball volition dart right or left (according to the direction of the spin), severely complicating the return. In theory, this type of spin produces the most obnoxious effects, merely it is less strategically practical than sidespin or backspin, because of the limitations that information technology imposes upon the opponent during their return. Aside from the initial management change when bouncing, unless information technology goes out of attain, the opponent can counter with either topspin or backspin. A backspin stroke is similar in the fact that the corkspin stroke has a lower maximum velocity, simply due to the contact bending of the dissonance when producing the stroke. To impart a spin on the ball which is parallel to its trajectory, the racket must be swung more or less perpendicular to the trajectory of the ball, greatly limiting the forward momentum that the dissonance transfers to the ball. Corkspin is almost e'er mixed with another diverseness of spin since alone, it is not only less effective but also harder to produce.

Competitions

A 2017 match between players from the United States and North korea.

Competitive table tennis is pop in East asia and Europe, and has been[ vague ] gaining attending in the United States.[threescore] The most important international competitions are the World Table Tennis Championships, the Table Tennis World Cup, the Olympics and the ITTF World Bout. Continental competitions include the following:

  • European Championships
  • Europe Superlative-16
  • the Asian Championships
  • the Asian Games

Chinese players have won threescore% of the men'southward Earth Championships since 1959;[61] in the women's competition for the Corbillin Cup, Chinese players take won all but three of the Earth Championships since 1971.[62] Other strong teams come up from Eastern asia and Europe, including countries such as Austria, Republic of belarus, Federal republic of germany, Hong Kong, Portugal, Japan, South korea, Singapore, Sweden, and Taiwan.[63]

At that place are professional competitions at the clubs level; the respective leagues of Austria, Kingdom of belgium, China (China Table Lawn tennis Super League), Nihon (T.League), French republic, Germany (Bundesliga), and Russia are examples of the highest level. There are likewise some important international gild teams competitions such as the European Champions League and its former competitor,[ vague ] the European Club Cup, where the top club teams from European countries compete.

Naturalization in table tennis

Co-ordinate to the New York Times, 31% of the tabular array tennis players at the 2016 Summer Olympics were naturalized. The charge per unit was twice as high as the next sport, basketball, which featured 15% of naturalized players.[64]

Feng Tianwei, a Chinese-born player representing Singapore, has medaled in three Olympic tabular array tennis events, more medals than native Singaporeans take won in all other sports combined (two). These successes take been somewhat controversial in Singapore.[65] In 2014, Singapore Table Lawn tennis Association's president Lee Bee Wah quit over this result;[66] her successor, Ellen Lee, later favored the application for citizenship of Zeng Jian, a Red china-born paddler.[67]

The rate of naturalization accelerated afterward the ITTF'due south 2009 conclusion (i year after China won every possible Olympic medal in the sport) to reduce the number of entries per clan in both the Olympics and the World Table Tennis Championships.[ citation needed ]

In 2019, the ITTF adopted new regulations which state that players who acquired a new nationality may not represent their new association before:[68]

  • i year after the date of registration, if the player is under the age of 15 when registered and has never represented some other association
  • 3 years afterward the engagement of registration, if the role player is under the age of 15 when registered and has already represented another clan
  • 5 years after the date of registration, if the player is under the age of 18 merely at least 15 years of age when registered
  • vii years afterwards the engagement of registration, if the player is under the age of 21 but at least 18 years of age when registered
  • ix years after the appointment of registration, if the player is at least 21 years old when registered

Notable players

An official hall of fame exists at the ITTF Museum.[73] A Grand Slam is earned by a histrion who wins singles crowns at the Olympic Games, World Championships, and World Cup.[74] Jan-Ove Waldner of Sweden first completed the thou slam at 1992 Olympic Games. Deng Yaping of China is the outset female recorded at the inaugural Women'southward Earth Cup in 1996. The following table presents an exhaustive list of all players to have completed a grand slam.

Name Gender Nationality Times won
Olympics World Championships World Cup
Jan-Ove Waldner Male Sweden Sweden 1 (1992) two (1989, 1997) 1 (1990) [75]
Deng Yaping Female China Mainland china ii (1992, 1996) 3 (1991, 1995, 1997) 1 (1996) [76]
Liu Guoliang Male China China ane (1996) ane (1999) i (1996) [77]
Wang Nan Female China Cathay 1 (2000) iii (1999, 2001, 2003) four (1997, 1998, 2003, 2007) [78]
Kong Linghui Male China China i (2000) one (1995) ane (1995) [79]
Zhang Yining Female China Communist china two (2004, 2008) 2 (2005, 2009) 4 (2001, 2002, 2004, 2005) [lxxx]
Zhang Jike Male China China 1 (2012) two (2011, 2013) 2 (2011, 2014) [81]
Li Xiaoxia Female China China 1 (2012) 1 (2013) 1 (2008) [82]
Ding Ning Female China Mainland china i (2016) iii (2011, 2015, 2017) 2 (2011, 2014) [83]
Ma Long Male person China China 2 (2016, 2020) 3 (2015, 2017, 2019) two (2012, 2015)

Jean-Philippe Gatien, Wang Hao and Fan Zhendong won both the World Championships and the Globe Cup, but lost in the gold medal matches at the Olympics. Jörgen Persson also won the titles except the Olympic Games. Persson is one of the five table tennis players to have competed at seven Olympic Games.[84] Ma Lin and Chen Meng won both the Olympic gold and the World Cup, simply lost in the finals of the World Championships.

Governance

Founded in 1926, the International Table Lawn tennis Federation (ITTF) is the worldwide governing torso for table lawn tennis, which maintains an international ranking system in addition to organizing events like the Earth Tabular array Lawn tennis Championships.[13] In 2007, the governance for table lawn tennis for persons with a disability was transferred from the International Paralympic Committee to the ITTF.[85]

On many continents, there is a governing torso responsible for table tennis on that continent. For example, the European Tabular array Tennis Spousal relationship (ETTU) is the governing body responsible for table tennis in Europe.[86] In that location are too national bodies and other local authorities responsible for the sport, such every bit Usa Table Tennis (USATT), which is the national governing body for tabular array tennis in the United States.[13]

Variants

Hardbat table lawn tennis uses rackets with short outward "pips" and no sponge, resulting in decreased speeds and reduced spin. World Championship of Ping Pong uses old-fashioned wooden paddles covered with sandpaper.

Circular the World (also called Circular Robin or Round the Table) table tennis is an breezy party-type variation in which players line up on either side of the tabular array. When a player hits the brawl he sets the paddle down, and the player backside him picks information technology up to receive the return. When a role player sets downwardly his paddle, he moves to the line at the opposing side of the table. Players are eliminated every bit they lose a point. When simply two players remain, a player hits the brawl, sets his paddle downward, spins and then retrieves his paddle to make the return.[87] [88]

See also

  • Disability classification in table tennis
  • Glossary of table lawn tennis
  • International Table Tennis Federation
  • List of ITTF Earth Tour winners
  • List of table lawn tennis players
  • Beer pong
  • Headis
  • Ping-pong diplomacy
  • Pingpongo
  • Pong
  • Table squash

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Bibliography

  • Uzorinac, Zdenko (2001). ITTF 1926 - 2001 Table Tennis Legends. ITTF. ISBNii-94031-200-1. OCLC 248920627.
  • Charyn, Jerome (2002). Sizzling Chops & Devilish Spins: Ping-Pong and the Art of Staying Alive. Four Walls Eight Windows. ISBN1-56858-242-0.
  • Hodges, Larry (1993). Tabular array Lawn tennis: Steps to Success. Man Kinetics. ISBN0-87322-403-5.
  • International Table Tennis Federation (2011). ITTF Handbook 2011/2012. Archived from the original on 6 July 2010. Retrieved 25 Dec 2011.
  • International Table Tennis Federation (2021). 2021 ITTF Handbook . Retrieved 7 December 2021.
  • Seemiller, Dan (1996). Winning Tabular array Tennis: Skills, Drills, and Strategies. Human Kinetics. ISBN0-88011-520-three.

External links

  • Official ITTF website
  • Official ETTU website

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_tennis

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